105 Virgin Olive Oil Benefits 7.4. References – For further knowledge EEstruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, Covas MI, Corella D, Arós F, Gómez-Gracia E, Ruiz-Gutiérrez V, Fiol M, Lapetra J, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Serra-Majem L, Pintó X, Basora J, Muñoz MA, Sorlí JV, Martínez JA, Fitó M, Gea A, Hernán MA, MartínezGonzález MA; PREDIMED Study Investigators. Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts. N Engl J Med 2018;378:e34. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1800389. Guías alimentarias de países FAO. (FAO. Food-based dietary guidelines). Available at: http://www.fao.org/nutrition/educacion-nutricional/food-dietary-guidelines/ home/es/ (last accessed September 2025). Litvak J, Parekh N, Deierlein A. Prenatal dietary exposures and offspring body size from 6 months to 18 years: A systematic review. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2020;34:171-189. Martínez-Galiano JM, Olmedo-Requena R, Barrios-Rodríguez R, Amezcua-Prieto C, Bueno- Cavanillas A, Salcedo-Bellido I, Jimenez-Moleon JJ, Delgado-Rodríguez M. Effect of Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet and Olive Oil Intake during Pregnancy on Risk of Small for Gestational Age Infants. Nutrients 2018; 10:1234 (1-14). Notario-Barandiaran L, Valera-Gran D, Gonzalez-Palacios S, Garcia-de-la-Hera M, Fernández- Barrés S, Pereda-Pereda E, Fernández-Somoano A, Guxens M, Iñiguez C, Romaguera D, Vrijheid M, Tardón A, Santa-Marina L, Vioque J, Navarrete-Muñoz EM; INMA Project. High adherence to a Mediterranean diet at age 4 reduces overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity incidence in children at the age of 8. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020;44:1906-1917. and there are no comparative data with other populations, Mediterranean or not. In the INMA study, up to 80% of the participants referred a daily olive oil consumption. This percentage is similar to that observed in the ALADINO study, performed by the “Spanish Food Safety Agency” (“Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición”), in a large sample size of Spanish children aged 6-9 years in which around 80% consumed olive oil almost daily (4/6 times/ week, 22.3%) or daily (55.7%). These data, however, are insufficient to provide dietary recommendations on the quantity, or the healthiest type, of olive oil to be consumed. Further population studies, such as prospective cohort or intervention ones, focused on olive oil consumption and its effects at different life stages such as pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence are recommended to obtain enough first level scientific evidence to provide nutritional recommendations to the population.
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