OLIVE OILS AND HEALTH 104 tory health, and a greater adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern. In a similar manner, in a study performed with 669 Italian children and adolescents aged 6-16, those with higher consumption of olive oil and vegetables, and lower consumption of fast foods presented less overweight. High adherence to the Mediterranean diet in childhood and adolescence seems therefore to provide benefits against obesity. Olive oil consumption as an individual food, however, has been insufficiently studied in child and adolescent populations, and results are inconsistent. Due to this, studies on the benefits of olive oil consumption in pregnancy, and at early stages of life are warranted to establish well founded dietary recommendations. In this regard, the INMA study will provide pertinent data through the diet evaluation of pregnant women and their offspring at 4-5 years, 7-8 years, and in the future at 15-17 years, and will permit prospective analyses to explore the association between olive oil consumption and health at these life stages evaluated. Table 7.1 depicts the mean daily intake assessed by a homogenised food frequency questionnaire which has been validated in pregnant women and children at different ages. The average olive oil consumption in grams/day shown in Table 7.1 would be equivalent to 1-2 table spoons according to age. The real consumption, however, has probably been underestimated because it did not include olive oil used for cooking. It should be noted that the data are from a Mediterranean population Table 7.1 – Estimated mean daily intake of olive oil added to dishes or salads (grams/day) in cohorts from Asturias, Guipuzkoa, Sabadell, and Valencia in the INMA study. Source: Guxens M, Ballester F, Espada M, Fernández MF, Grimalt JO, Ibarluzea J, Olea N, Rebagliato M, Tardón A, Torrent M, Vioque J, Vrijheid M, Sunyer J; INMA Project. Cohort Profile: the INMA -INfancia y Medio Ambiente- (Environment and Childhood) Project. Int J Epidemiol. 2012; 41: 930-40. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyr054 **: Media # Standard Deviation Pregnancy week 12 (n=2585) Pregnancy week 32 (n=2443) 4 - 5 years (n=1914) 7 - 8 years (n=1765) Mean daily intake of olive oil (in grams/day) 18.8 ** (13) # 17.5 (12) 9.28 (8.3) 10.4 (10)
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