7.3. Olive oil consumption in childhood and adolescence The effects of Mediterranean diet adherence and olive oil consumption during childhood and adolescence have been less studied than in pregnancy. Current data, however, suggest a short-term possible protective effect against weight gain and obesity. In an intervention study with a reduced sample, the Spanish children in the intervention group with a diet in which olive oil was the main source of fat had a yearly lower increase of body mass index. In the prospective cohort INMA stutfu otario-Bariadarán et al., reported that the highest adherence to a Mediterranean diet, measured by a relative index, in children aged 4 was associated with less overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity incidence when aged 8. Regarding olive oil (Figure 7.1), high olive oil consumption at age 4 was associated with 35% lower incidence of overweight, and 18% less obesity at the age of 8, the latter without statistical significance. In a review of 58 studies, the association between Mediterranean diet adherence in children and adolescents aged 2 to 20, and sociodemographic, anthropometric, and lifestyle characteristics was investigated. Increased Mediterranean diet adherence was associated with higher physical activity and better dietary adequacy, results, however, were inconsistent, particularly those related to weight. In a cross-sectional study, with a large and representative sample size of 177000 Greek children and adolescents aged 8-17, adherence to the Mediterranean diet was evaluated with the KIDMED index. Participants in whom olive oil was exclusivelv the main source of fat had lower incidence of obesitv. better cardioresoiraBaseline olive oil consumption at 4y (1527 children) 4-year foUow-up t • -35% less overweight incidence * - 18 % less obesity incidence * • By tercile of consumption (in g/1000 calories) Figure 7.1 Olive oil consumption at 4 years and incidence of overweight and obesity at 8 years in the INMA stuefy. * Inciden e decrease by an increase in tercile of consumption (in g/ 1000 caJories) ource: Notario-Barandiaran L, Valera-Gran D, Gonzalez-Palacio S, Garcia-de-la-Hera M, Fernández-Barrés S, Pereda-Pereda E, Fernández-Somoano A, Guxens M, Iñiguez C, Romaguera D, Vrijheid M, Tardón A, Santa-Marina L, Vi.oque], avarrete-Muñoz EM; INMA Project. High adherence to a Mediterranean di.et at age 4 reduces ove1weight, obesity and abdominal obesity incidence in children at the age of 8. Intj Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:1906-1917.
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