312 OLIVE OILS AND HEALTH - PPARG2 (gamma-2 receptor) A nuclear receptor capable of binding to a variety of molecules (ligands). It is expressed in different tissues, where it modulates the transcription (expression) of multiple genes. Depending on the ligand, it can exert different effects on gene expression and cellular metabolism. - PPARG2 Pro12Ala A polymorphism in the PPARG2 gene, in which the amino acid proline at position 12 of the protein is replaced by alanine. PPARG is directly involved in metabolic health. In this sense, the presence of the Ala variant has been associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, it has been described that individuals carrying this polymorphism tend to have better glucose and insulin metabolism following physical activity. It is a clear example of how specific genotypes can significantly influence the relationship between lifestyle factors and metabolic health. - homozygote ProPro The term homozygote (or homozygous) refers to having inherited two identical forms of a particular gene, one from each parent. In contrast, a heterozygote (or heterozygous) individual carries different forms of the gene from each parent. Therefore, ProPro homozygote carries the proline variant at position 12 in both copies (alleles) of the PPARG2 gene. PERSONALISED NUTRITION ( See PRECISION NUTRITION) PHAGOCYTIC ACTIVITY (See IMMUNE SYSTEM) PHENOL/S / PHENOLICS Phenols are aromatic organic compounds consisting of one or more functional hydroxyl (–OH) groups attached directly to an aromatic ring (typically a benzene ring). They are crystalline solids, slightly acidic, slightly soluble in water, and more soluble in ethers and alcohols. PHENOLIC ACIDS (See MINOR COMPOUNDS / Phenolic compounds) PHENOLIC COMPONENTS (See MINOR COMPOUNDS / Phenolic compounds) PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS (See MINOR COMPOUNDS) PHONOPHORESIS Phonophoresis is a technique that uses ultrasound to enhance the absorption of a topically applied drug through the skin and into the subcutaneous tissues. Phenol group6
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