221 Virgin Olive Oil Benefits ADRENALINE (See PHYSIOLOGY / Endocrine system / Hormones) AEROBIC CAPACITY (See METABOLISM) AEROBIC METABOLISM (See METABOLISM) AGE-STANDARDISED RATE In epidemiology, a rate is a measure of how often a particular event occurs. An age-standardised rate (ASR) is a summary measure that represents the rate a population would have if it had a standard age structure. Standardisation is necessary when comparing populations that differ in age distribution, as age has a strong influence on the risk of dying from diseases such as cancer. The ASR is a weighted average of age-specific rates, most commonly calculated using the World Standard Population. The resulting figure is known as the age-standardised mortality rate (world), and it is usually expressed per 100,000 individuals in the population. AGEING Ageing is a lifelong biological process that begins at conception and continues until death. The “World Health Organization” (WHO) defines it as a “physiological process that begins at conception and causes changes in the characteristics of species throughout the life cycle; these changes reduce the adaptability of the organism to its environment. The pace at which these changes occur differs across organs within the same individual and among different individuals”. It involves a set of morphological, functional, and psychological transformations that affect the structure and function of various systems, increasing vulnerability to environmental stress and disease. It is currently regarded as a public health issue, as demographic shifts are leading to a growing elderly population. Unfortunately, many governments are not adequately prepared for the physical, mental, social, and health-related consequences of this trend. Diseases associated with the ageing process, such as chronic illnesses, musculoskeletal disorders, back and joint pain, and cancers, among others, are partly influenced by the individual’s diet and nutritional habits throughout life. - healthy ageing / satisfactory ageing Subjective concept that refers to experiencing ageing free from disease and in full physical and psychological capacity. - “successful aging” index A scale composed of various physiological and cognitive parameters used to assess the degree to which satisfactory or successful ageing has been achieved.
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