OLIVE OILS AND HEALTH 154 Despite variability in individual responses, genetic analysis revealed that participants carrying the Ala allele experienced greater improvements in body composition when supplemented with EVOO. Specifically, Ala carriers exhibited more substantial reductions in body fat percentage and greater increases in lean mass and fat-free mass compared to ProPro homozygotes. In Spain, approximately 20% of the population carries the Ala variant, suggesting a meaningful subgroup that may particularly benefit from EVOO consumption (Figure 12.3). Figure 12.3. Impact of the PPARG2 Pro12Ala Polymorphism on Body Fat Percentage in Individuals with Severe Obesity Following a 12-Week Dietary Intervention This figure illustrates changes in body fat percentage among individuals with severe obesity (BMI >35 kg/m²) after 12 weeks of dietary intervention, stratified by PPARG2 genotype. Participants were randomised into three groups: • OO: Supplemented with extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) • DieTBra: Traditional Brazilian diet • DieTBra + OO: Traditional Brazilian diet supplemented with EVOO Results show that individuals carrying the Ala variant (Pro/Ala or Ala/Ala) of the PPARG2 gene exhibited a greater reduction in body fat percentage compared to ProPro homozygotes, particularly in groups receiving EVOO. These findings support the concept of gene-diet interactions and reinforce the role of precision nutrition in tailoring interventions to maximize body composition improvements. DieTBra: Traditional Brazilian Diet; OO: Extra Virgin Olive Oil Supplementation; PPARG2: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma-2 Source: Adapted from Rodrigues APS, Rosa LPS, Silveira EA. PPARG2 Pro12Ala polymorphism influences body composition changes in severely obese patients consuming extra virgin olive oil: a randomised clinical trial. Nutr Metab 2018;15:52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-018-0289-4 (last accessed September 2025) p = 0.049 p = 0.004 OO DieTBra DieTBra+OO -10 -5 0 5 10 Percentage of change in body fat ProPro Homozygotes Ala carriers ••••••• ···························T··········································································· ..... .... .... ................................ . ........................ 1 = Ll
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