OLIVE OILS AND HEALTH 124 -Others Other healthy properties of olive oil consumption have been described in experimental and human studies, some of them related to its anti-inflammatory activity. A beneficial effect of EVOO consumption on cartilages and joints has been reported in animal models, however, no data exist regarding such effects on healthy joints or sport performance. Also, the action of other fats, such as omega-3 fatty acids and in particular the long chain fatty acids (EPA-eicosapentaenoic acid and DHA-docosahexaenoic acid) on muscle has been investigated. Their supplementation showed an anabolic effect stimulating muscle protein formation, improving inflammation markers, and delaying the onset of muscle pain. Omega-3 long chain fatty acids supplementation has been reported to increase aerobic metabolism performance in animal models and in individuals with obesity. Globally, results show that these fatty acids can have beneficial effects on metabolism, exercise response, and post-exercise recovery, results being more noticeable in non-professional athletes than in professional ones. Moreover, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation has been found to improve muscle mass in populations at risk such as cancer patients or the elderly. These fatty acids are naturally particularly present in fish oils. In olive oil, omega-3 fatty acids represent less than 1% of total fatty acids (oleic acid represents around 70% depending on the olive variety) and they are not long chain, as a consequence, the effects of olive oil on muscle mass are yet to be defined. 9.4. Conclusions Scientific evidence supports EVOO consumption as a part of a healthy dietary pattern. It is one of the best options for health maintenance and physical activity performance. EVOO is a healthy fat due to its monounsaturated fatty acid content (oleic acid) and its bioactive minor compounds such as polyphenols. Data show a beneficial effect of this oil on cardiovascular health, inflammation and oxidative stress, with positive effects on physical activity. Nevertheless, EVOO consumption must be framed within a healthy diet given that vitamin or minor compound supplementation has not demonstrated a clear effect on sport performance and excessive intake can be harmful. The beneficial effects on muscle function and exercise are lesser in professional athletes because performance depends mostly on other factors such as training. EVOO should, however, form part of an athlete’s diet due to its healthy properties particularly with regard to the cardiovascular system.
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