293 Virgin Olive Oil Benefits - glycogen When the body does not need to use glucose for energy, it stores it in the liver and muscles in the form of glycogen. Glycogen is a molecule made up of branched chains of glucose units. When energy is needed, the body mobilises these glycogen stores, converting them into glucose, which is then released into the bloodstream and used as fuel by the cells. - caloric intake Term referring to the quantity of calories (energy content) of the ingested diet. - aerobic metabolism Set of chemical reactions by which the cell obtains energy through the breakdown (into minor fragments) of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (fats) in the presence of oxygen. - anaerobic metabolism Set of chemical reactions by which the cell obtains energy in the absence of oxygen. - energy system Systems by which the cell produces energy. The three main systems are: the phosphagen system (based on the phosphocreatine molecule, which provides an immediate energy supply); glycolysis (based on glucose utilisation without oxygen), and the oxidative or aerobic system (based on the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, or amino acids in the presence of oxygen). - energy substrates Molecules that can be broken down to obtain energy. These include glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. From a biochemical perspective, any molecule capable of generating energy is considered an energy substrate, such as phosphocreatine, lactate, etc. - anaerobic threshold The level of physical exercise above which lactate (or lactic acid) begins to accumulate in the blood. This is due to the increasing use of anaerobic metabolism to obtain energy and is associated with muscle fatigue. - anaerobic pathways Similar term to anaerobic metabolism. It refers to the set of chemical reactions through which the cell produces energy without the need for oxygen. These pathways include the use of phosphocreatine (which provides immediate energy) and the breakdown of glucose through a process called glycolysis. METAPHYSEAL (See BONE) METASTASIS / METASTASES Cancer cells can become displaced from their original location (the primary cancer), enter the blood or lymphatic vessels, travel to distant parts of the body, and settle and grow in a healthy organ, forming a new tumour (a secondary tumour or metastasis). Metastases are composed of the same type of cells as the primary tumour. For example, if breast cancer spreads to the brain, the metastatic tumour in the brain will consist of breast cancer cells, not brain cells. (See also “Neoplasia”)
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