OLIVE OILS AND HEALTH 112 fi sh polyunsaturated fats promoted pancreas inflammation which was reflected in high levels of Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF α) expression. In a similar manner, this occurred with oxidative markers such as carbonyl proteins. Concerning endocrine pancreas pathology, animals fed with sunflower oil showed greater values for: beta-cell surface, number of beta-cells in Langerhans islets, and beta-cell insulin content. These results suggest that sunflower oil induced peripheral insulin resistance, a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Concerning the exocrine pancreas, rats fed with fish oil showed the highest fi brosis. Therefore, as has been previously mentioned, both polyunsaturated fat sources promoted rat pancreas lipotoxicity, with a greater degree of inflammation and oxidative stress compared to virgin olive oil. In conclusion, sunflower oil consumption impaired the endocrine pancreas, whereas fish oil harmed the exocrine one. Bone health during ageing according to the dietary fat ingested (Figures 8.4 and 8.5) has also been studied. Consumption of virgin olive oil maintained rat bone mineral density, whilst losses were observed in rats fed with sunflower and fish oils. Alveolar bone loss is a hallmark of periodontitis progression, an ageing-associated disease. The greatest decrease appeared in rats fed with sunflower oil, and to a lesser degree, in those with fish oil. In a polyunsaturated fat-rich diet an imbalance occurs between bone formation and resorption, one of the mechanisms involved is oxidative stress. Such an imbalance was avoided after long-term virgin olive oil ingestion. Figure 8.3. Main effects of lifespan virgin olive, sunflower, and fish oil ingestion on the liver in rats. 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 a b ab 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 a b ab Figura 3 Virgin olive sunflower fish oil Virgin olive sunflower fish oil Beta cell area (µm2) Acinar fi brosis (UA) Effects on endocrine pancreas Effects on exocrine pancreas Rats fed during their lifespan with virgin olive, sunflower, and fish oil Reduces the workload of the endocrine pancreas. A key point for avoiding type 2 diabetes Fish oil has negative effects on exocrine pancreas. This could A key point for avoiding type 2 diabetes
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